Kensington Gymnastics Magazine Issue 5 · September 2026
London & the World
The World of Gymnastics

Inside the European Championships

Zagreb 2026, the history behind Europe’s artistic gymnastics championships—and what a judge, coach and academic sees from within.

Expert VoiceDr Iliya Yanev · Judge · Coach · Academic

Six routines. Two totals. One thousandth of a point. At the 2026 men’s European Championships in Zagreb, Illia Kovtun finished the all-around with 82.833. Arsenii Dukhno finished with 82.832[17].

The official result did not identify one isolated wobble, landing or judging decision as the cause. It showed something more useful: a gymnastics total is built, decision by decision and deduction by deduction, across an entire competition[22].

This chapter looks beyond who won. It follows the event’s two historical tracks, opens the machinery behind a men’s score and listens to what a judge, coach and academic sees from within.

Building the seriesIssue 1 · The world stageIssue 2 · Why gymnastics superpowers emergeIssue 3 · How children begin around the worldIssue 4 · Two great apparatus traditionsIssue 5 · Inside the European Championships
82.833Illia Kovtun
82.832Arsenii Dukhno
0.001separated first and second
THE RESULT IS THE END OF A PROCESS · NOT THE BEGINNING OF AN EXPLANATION

One thousandth

82.833Illia Kovtun · CRO
0.001the margin
82.832Arsenii Dukhno · WG2

For families watching on a screen, the final number can look as if it has simply appeared. It has not. Difficulty must be recognised. Requirements and connections must be checked. Execution faults must be assessed independently. Neutral deductions may apply. Across six apparatus, each final routine score becomes one part of the all-around total[19].

The 0.001 at the top of the men’s all-around does not make gymnastics arbitrary. It makes the construction of a score visible. Behind each total are routines, rules, independent observations and accumulated work.

Zagreb is therefore a useful place to look inside a European Championships: not to search for one dramatic explanation, but to understand the many layers that create a result.

From continent to competition floorEurope → Croatia → Zagreb → Arena Zagreb
EUROPE CONTINENT CROATIA COUNTRY ZAGREB HOST CITY · LANDMARKS ARENA ZAGREB CHAMPIONSHIP VENUE

What are “the Europeans”?

The European Artistic Gymnastics Championships are continental championships organised within European Gymnastics. Men’s artistic gymnastics (MAG) and women’s artistic gymnastics (WAG) have their own histories, apparatus and competition formats. Calling them simply “the Europeans” is convenient, but their record is not one continuous, identical event[1].

In 2026, Zagreb hosted the women’s championships at Arena Zagreb from 13 to 16 August and the men’s championships from 19 to 23 August[11, 12].

Women’s Artistic[13, 15]13–16 August 2026

293gymnasts
39federations
163seniors
130juniors

Senior all-around · top three[18]

  1. 1WG2Angelina Melnikova55.932
  2. 2WG2Anna Kalmykova54.632
  3. 3Elena Colas53.966

Senior team · top three[21]

  1. 1WG2World Gymnastics 2165.430
  2. 2Italy161.796
  3. 3France159.263

Men’s Artistic[16]19–23 August 2026

333gymnasts
40federations
185seniors
148juniors

Senior all-around · top three[22]

  1. 1Illia Kovtun82.833
  2. 2WG2Arsenii Dukhno82.832
  3. 3WG2Daniel Marinov81.899

Senior team · top three[17]

  1. 1Great Britain246.728
  2. 2WG2World Gymnastics 2246.158
  3. 3Switzerland242.094
Why the Russian flag is not shownThe transitional arrangement replaced the normal Russian country code, flag and anthem. A neutral WG2 badge therefore follows the official competition record; adding the Russian flag beside these results would contradict that published designation.

Two beginnings, not one

MAG trackWAG track
1955
MAG · Frankfurt, West Germany

The first men’s European Championships in the official European Gymnastics history[1, 2].

1957
WAG · Bucharest, Romania

The first women’s event in the official archive[3].

1994
MAG · Prague, Czech Republic

Final individual-format edition before official team results appear in 1996[5, 7].

1994
WAG · Stockholm, Sweden

Final individual-format edition before official team results appear in 1996[4, 6].

1996
MAG/WAG · Denmark and Great Britain

Official result books document senior team competition in both discipline-specific championships[6, 7].

The two starting points prevent a neat but false story in which one championship began once and merely grew. MAG and WAG developed on parallel tracks and later shared organisers and formats at particular moments.

The official record uses three related but distinct senior sequences: men’s championships, women’s championships and the joint senior individual series introduced in 2005. KGM therefore keeps their edition numbers separate rather than forcing them into one artificial chronology.

The championship kept changing

MAG trackWAG track
2005
MAG/WAG · Debrecen, Hungary

The first joint individual milestone under the official result-book title: “1st European Individual Championships Men’s and Women’s”[8].

2014
WAG then MAG · Sofia, Bulgaria

One organiser delivered consecutive women’s and men’s championships rather than one undifferentiated competition[9].

2025
MAG/WAG · Leipzig, Germany

A Mixed Team Final entered the European artistic programme, pairing one male and one female gymnast[10].

2026
WAG then MAG · Zagreb, Croatia

One venue hosted consecutive discipline programmes, each with senior and junior competition[11–14].

Zagreb belongs to a history of changing structures rather than a single fixed event. That history includes separate beginnings, new team formats, joint individual editions, consecutive programmes and a Mixed Team Final.

These milestone pages interpret verified transitions. The complete record that follows lists every edition in the men’s, women’s and joint senior individual sequences through 2026.

Why the record needs three tables

A single blended list would hide the way the championships developed. The men’s sequence begins in 1955; the women’s begins in 1957. Their numbering remains separate even when the same organiser and city hosted both disciplines.

A third sequence began in 2005 for joint senior individual championships. Its own numbering reached the 11th edition at Leipzig 2025. These editions belong in the history, but they do not replace the discipline-specific MAG and WAG sequences[8, 29].

37Men’s editionsFrankfurt 1955
to Zagreb 2026
36Women’s editionsBucharest 1957
to Zagreb 2026
11Joint senior editionsDebrecen 2005
to Leipzig 2025
Odd-year individual rootsSeparate MAG and WAG beginnings
›
Discipline-specific seriesTeams, apparatus and juniors evolved
›
Annual rhythmJoint senior individual and discipline programmes alternate

Every men’s championship · part one

No.YearHost stateCityChampionship series name
11955West GermanyFrankfurt am Main1st European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
21957FranceParis2nd European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
31959DenmarkCopenhagen3rd European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
41961LuxembourgLuxembourg4th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
51963★YugoslaviaBelgrade5th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
61965BelgiumAntwerp6th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
71967FinlandTampere7th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
81969PolandWarsaw8th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
91971SpainMadrid9th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
101973FranceGrenoble10th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
111975SwitzerlandBern11th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
121977☭Soviet UnionVilnius12th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
131979West GermanyEssen13th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
141981ItalyRome14th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
151983BulgariaVarna15th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
161985NorwayOslo16th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
171987☭Soviet UnionMoscow17th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
181989SwedenStockholm18th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
191990SwitzerlandLausanne19th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships

Record method. Edition sequence, host state and city are reconciled against the European Gymnastics event archive and official result books, with the historical lists independently cross-checked[28, 29, 30, 31]. Host-state names follow the period of the championship; modern English city forms are used.

Every men’s championship · part two

No.YearHost stateCityChampionship series name
201992HungaryBudapest20th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
211994Czech RepublicPrague21st European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
221996DenmarkBrøndby22nd European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
231998RussiaSaint Petersburg23rd European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
242000GermanyBremen24th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
252002GreecePatras25th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
262004SloveniaLjubljana26th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
272006GreeceVolos27th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
282008SwitzerlandLausanne28th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
292010United KingdomBirmingham29th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
302012FranceMontpellier30th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
312014BulgariaSofia31st European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
322016SwitzerlandBern32nd European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
332018United KingdomGlasgow33rd European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
342020TürkiyeMersin34th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
352022GermanyMunich35th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
362024ItalyRimini36th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
372026CroatiaZagreb37th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships

Record method. Edition sequence, host state and city are reconciled against the European Gymnastics event archive and official result books, with the historical lists independently cross-checked[28, 29, 30, 31]. Host-state names follow the period of the championship; modern English city forms are used.

Every women’s championship · part one

No.YearHost stateCityChampionship series name
11957RomaniaBucharest1st European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
21959PolandKraków2nd European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
31961●East GermanyLeipzig3rd European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
41963FranceParis4th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
51965BulgariaSofia5th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
61967NetherlandsAmsterdam6th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
71969SwedenLandskrona7th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
81971☭Soviet UnionMinsk8th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
91973United KingdomLondon9th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
101975NorwaySkien10th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
111977CzechoslovakiaPrague11th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
121979DenmarkCopenhagen12th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
131981SpainMadrid13th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
141983SwedenGothenburg14th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
151985FinlandHelsinki15th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
161987☭Soviet UnionMoscow16th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
171989BelgiumBrussels17th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
181990GreecePiraeus18th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships

Record method. Edition sequence, host state and city are reconciled against the European Gymnastics event archive and official result books, with the historical lists independently cross-checked[28, 29, 30, 31]. Host-state names follow the period of the championship; modern English city forms are used.

Every women’s championship · part two

No.YearHost stateCityChampionship series name
191992FranceNantes19th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
201994SwedenStockholm20th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
211996United KingdomBirmingham21st European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
221998RussiaSaint Petersburg22nd European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
232000FranceParis23rd European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
242002GreecePatras24th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
252004NetherlandsAmsterdam25th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
262006GreeceVolos26th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
272008FranceClermont-Ferrand27th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
282010United KingdomBirmingham28th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
292012BelgiumBrussels29th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
302014BulgariaSofia30th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
312016SwitzerlandBern31st European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
322018United KingdomGlasgow32nd European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
332020TürkiyeMersin33rd European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
342022GermanyMunich34th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
352024ItalyRimini35th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
362026CroatiaZagreb36th European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships

Record method. Edition sequence, host state and city are reconciled against the European Gymnastics event archive and official result books, with the historical lists independently cross-checked[28, 29, 30, 31]. Host-state names follow the period of the championship; modern English city forms are used.

Every joint senior individual championship

No.YearHost stateCityChampionship series name
12005HungaryDebrecen1st European Individual Championships — Men’s & Women’s
22007NetherlandsAmsterdam2nd European Individual Championships — Men’s & Women’s
32009ItalyMilan3rd European Artistic Gymnastics Individual Championships
42011GermanyBerlin4th European Artistic Gymnastics Individual Championships
52013RussiaMoscow5th European Men’s & Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
62015FranceMontpellier6th European Men’s & Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
72017RomaniaCluj-Napoca7th European Men’s & Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
82019PolandSzczecin8th European Men’s & Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
92021SwitzerlandBasel9th European Men’s & Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Individual Championships
102023TürkiyeAntalya10th European Men’s & Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships
112025GermanyLeipzig11th Senior European Championships — Artistic Gymnastics

Record method. Edition sequence, host state and city are reconciled against the European Gymnastics event archive and official result books, with the historical lists independently cross-checked[28, 29, 30, 31]. Host-state names follow the period of the championship; modern English city forms are used.

How a men’s score is built

Ddifficulty
+
Eexecution
+
Bapplicable bonus
−
NDneutral deductions
=
FINALroutine score
D · recognised content

Difficulty values, required element groups and eligible connections. A skill too far from its required form may not receive the expected value[19].

E · quality of performance

The E-score begins from 10.00. Execution judges record deductions independently for aesthetic, execution, technical and composition faults.

B · applicable bonus

A bonus is shown separately when the MAG rules award one. Not every routine receives a bonus.

ND · specified deductions

Neutral deductions may apply for matters such as time, line, behaviour or a short exercise where relevant.

For Zagreb’s men’s competition, the family-level model begins with these connected parts. The D-jury evaluates the content of the exercise. The E-panel evaluates execution through independent deductions. The final number brings those decisions together[19].

Vault finals are a special case because two vault scores are averaged for the ranking. Apparatus-specific rules still matter, even when the family equation remains useful[17, 19].

Seven deductions become one E-score

J10.80high · remove
J20.70high · remove
J30.50middle · count
J40.40middle · count
J50.30middle · count
J60.20low · remove
J70.10low · remove
0.50 + 0.40 + 0.30middle three deductions
÷
3 = 0.40counting deduction
→
10.00 − 0.40 = 9.60final E-score

Illustrative numbers only. The method is the point: remove two highest and two lowest deduction totals, then average the middle three[19].

“A judge’s work begins long before the first gymnast reaches the apparatus.”Dr Iliya Yanev · Judge lens

Yanev describes briefings, technical meetings, study of the current Code and official clarifications, and video examples used to align how judges apply the rules. On the competition floor, the task is not merely knowing the Code. It is making decisions quickly and applying the same standard across long days[24].

Fatigue is part of the professional reality. Hours of close attention can make it harder to preserve the same criterion. That does not excuse inconsistency. It explains why preparation, panel structures, supervision and concentration management matter.

For families, the central correction is simple. A score is not one person saying, “I liked it.” Human interpretation remains, but the system is designed to limit the influence of any one execution judgement.

What changes when you see the event from within?

Portrait of Dr Iliya Yanev
Dr Iliya Yanev, international men’s artistic gymnastics judge, coach and academic. Portrait supplied by Dr Yanev.

Dr Iliya Yanev is an Associate Professor in the Department of Gymnastics at the National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski” in Sofia, an international men’s artistic gymnastics judge and the personal coach of Bulgarian gymnast Daniel Trifonov[23, 26].

His answers are used as first-hand professional testimony and interpretation. Official championship facts are checked independently against European Gymnastics and FIG records.

JUDGE

What the Code asks, how a panel works and what consistency demands before and during competition.

COACH

What must be stable, repeatable and adaptable when an athlete has one competitive attempt.

ACADEMIC

What measurement can clarify - and where data cannot replace years of knowledge of the individual gymnast.

Before the first routine

As a judge, Yanev sees the layers before a score: Code study, technical alignment, long attention and the responsibility to apply one criterion across many routines.

The relationship disclosure

Dr Iliya Yanev and editor Dr Stefan Kolimechkov have previously co-authored academic gymnastics research. Yanev contributed first-hand professional answers to this chapter. His interpretations remain attributed[24, 25].

The hardest routine on paper is not automatically the best one

“The aim is not the hardest possible routine on paper. It is the routine that gives the gymnast the best realistic chance of the highest final score.”Dr Iliya Yanev · Professional interpretation
1repeatability
2intelligent routine construction
3physical readiness
4psychological reset
5adaptability

A skill’s listed difficulty is only potential. It becomes useful when the gymnast can place it inside a routine, repeat it under pressure and absorb the physical and psychological demands of the full competition.

In the final weeks before Zagreb, Yanev says the emphasis with Daniel Trifonov was on stabilising routines, managing load and recovery, and refining landings, rhythm, consistency and confidence. He also reports injuries and limitations in the preparation. KGM records that first-hand context without offering a medical interpretation[24].

Daniel Trifonov · a verified competition step

10th / 8thoverall / eligible vault qualifier · 14.016
5thvault final · 14.050 average
13thparallel-bars qualification · 13.833

The official record gives the coach’s reflection a firm result underneath it. Trifonov advanced to the vault final as the eighth eligible gymnast after the two-per-federation rule was applied. His final average came from 13.900 and 14.200[17].

Yanev calls Zagreb an important stage rather than the destination. His interpretation is that the vault performance showed European-level potential and that the next task is to make it more stable and repeatable on the way towards the World Championships[24].

Science with practice

“The most useful model is not science or practice. It is science with practice.”Dr Iliya Yanev · Academic lens

Biomechanics can describe technique and movement more precisely. Physiology and training theory can inform how coaches think about load, recovery and physical development. Sport psychology can help frame attention and response under pressure. Video and motion-tracking can turn some observations into measurable information[24].

But data may show what is happening without automatically deciding what is best for one gymnast at one moment. An experienced coach knows the athlete’s responses, history, confidence and fatigue in ways that cannot be reduced to one measure.

What Zagreb recorded

Men’s Artistic[17, 22]

Senior all-around

  1. 1Illia Kovtun82.833
  2. 2WG2Arsenii Dukhno82.832
  3. 3WG2Daniel Marinov81.899

Senior team final

  1. 1Great Britain246.728
  2. 2WG2World Gymnastics 2246.158
  3. 3Switzerland242.094

Women’s Artistic[18, 21]

Senior all-around

  1. 1WG2Angelina Melnikova55.932
  2. 2WG2Anna Kalmykova54.632
  3. 3Elena Colas53.966

Senior team final

  1. 1WG2World Gymnastics 2165.430
  2. 2Italy161.796
  3. 3France159.263

Senior medal record. These are the complete all-around and team podiums from Zagreb 2026. WG2 remains the official neutral designation used in the published championship record.

Zagreb’s apparatus champions[17, 20]

Each card records the senior gymnast who won the European title on that apparatus, together with the score that secured gold. Full names are retained so that every champion is properly recognised.

10senior apparatus champions
Men’s Artistic · European ChampionArtem DolgopyatFloor exercise · 14.466
🇮🇱
Women’s Artistic · European ChampionAngelina MelnikovaVault · 14.166
WG2
Men’s Artistic · European ChampionGabriele TarghettaPommel horse · 15.133
🇮🇹
Women’s Artistic · European ChampionHelen KevricUneven bars · 14.500
🇩🇪
Men’s Artistic · European ChampionArtur AvetisyanStill rings · 14.400 · tie-break
🇦🇲
Women’s Artistic · European ChampionElena ColasBalance beam · 13.933
🇫🇷
Men’s Artistic · European ChampionNazar ChepurnyiVault · 14.566
🇺🇦
Women’s Artistic · European ChampionManila EspositoFloor exercise · 13.700
🇮🇹
Men’s Artistic · European ChampionIllia KovtunParallel bars · 14.700
🇭🇷
Men’s Artistic · European ChampionJoe FraserHorizontal bar · 14.300
🇬🇧
European champion identifies the winner of the senior apparatus final at Zagreb 2026. The score shown is the official final score recorded for the title.

Just behind the competition floor

briefingcriteria and technical alignment
warm-up & waitingpreparation in real time
routineone competitive attempt
scorethe panel produces a result
resetemotion must make room
next apparatusthe competition continues
“If I had five minutes with a family, I would take them just behind the competition floor.”Dr Iliya Yanev

That is where gymnasts wait, warm up, make final corrections and manage tension. It is also where the television picture narrows: years of preparation become a short routine, followed quickly by another apparatus and another demand for attention.

The backstage lesson is not that elite pressure should be imitated by every child. It is that performance contains work the audience cannot see. After an excellent routine or a disappointing one, the athlete has little time to remain inside the emotion.

A European title - and a longer journey

A European final is a major international achievement. A title records the best performance in that event at that championship. Yet even at this level, the result is one point on a longer path.

The history of the championships is also a history of change. The format evolves. The central challenge remains: build difficulty, execute it with quality and be ready when the moment arrives.

References

  1. European Gymnastics. History. Official source. First men’s championship context.
  2. European Gymnastics. 1955 European Championships in Men’s Artistic Gymnastics. Official event archive.
  3. European Gymnastics. 1957 European Championships in Women’s Artistic Gymnastics. Official event archive.
  4. European Gymnastics. 1994 European Championships in Women’s Artistic Gymnastics. Official event archive.
  5. European Gymnastics. 1994 European Championships in Men’s Artistic Gymnastics. Official event archive.
  6. European Gymnastics. 1996 WAG result book. Official result book.
  7. European Gymnastics. 1996 MAG result book. Official result book.
  8. European Gymnastics. 2005 Debrecen result book. Official result book.
  9. European Gymnastics. (2014). End of the European Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Sofia. Official source.
  10. European Gymnastics. 2025 Men’s and Women’s Artistic Europeans, Leipzig - overview. Official source.
  11. European Gymnastics. 2026 European Championships in Women’s Artistic Gymnastics, Zagreb. Official event page.
  12. European Gymnastics. 2026 European Championships in Men’s Artistic Gymnastics, Zagreb. Official event page.
  13. European Gymnastics. Highlights of the women’s #Zagreb2026. Official source.
  14. European Gymnastics. Highlights of the men’s #Zagreb2026. Official source.
  15. European Gymnastics. WAG Zagreb 2026 preview. Official source.
  16. European Gymnastics. MAG Zagreb 2026 preview. Official source.
  17. European Gymnastics. 37th European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships - official result book, Zagreb 2026. Official result book.
  18. European Gymnastics. Golden start for Melnikova in Zagreb. Official source.
  19. Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique. Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Code of Points 2025–2028. FIG Code PDF.
  20. European Gymnastics. Women’s apparatus-final report, Zagreb 2026. Official source.
  21. European Gymnastics. Women’s team-final report, Zagreb 2026. Official source.
  22. European Gymnastics. Men’s all-around report, Zagreb 2026. Official source.
  23. National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”. Department of Gymnastics staff directory. Official source.
  24. Yanev, I. (2026, September). Expert Lens interview for Kensington Gymnastics Magazine [Written interview].
  25. Kolimechkov S, Yanev I, Kiuchukov I, Petrov L, Alexandrova A, Zaykova D, Stoimenov E. (2019). Nutritional status and body composition of young artistic gymnasts from Bulgaria. Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 3(1), 39–52. DOI.
  26. Bulgarian News Agency. Report identifying Iliya Yanev as Daniel Trifonov’s coach. Independent source.
  27. European Gymnastics. (2026). Decisions of the 4th Virtual Extraordinary General Assembly. Official communication.
  28. European Gymnastics. European Championships event archive. Official archive.
  29. European Gymnastics. 11th Senior European Championships — Artistic Gymnastics, Leipzig 2025: official result book. Official result book.
  30. InterSportStats. European Men’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships: edition record. Historical database.
  31. InterSportStats. European Women’s Artistic Gymnastics Championships: edition record. Historical database.