Logo of gymnast on rings – personal brand mark of Dr Stefan Kolimechkov
Kensington Gymnastics MagazineIssue 3 · May 2026
Issue 3 · End Matter

Sources &
Further Reading

A consolidated alphabetical record of the sources used throughout this issue. Chapter-local numbering has been removed; DOI and official-source links remain active in this web edition.

A–F

Alphabetical continuation of the consolidated Issue 3 evidence record

  1. Adolph KE, Hoch JE. Motor Development: Embodied, Embedded, Enculturated, and Enabling. Annual Review of Psychology. 2019;70:141–164. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102836.
  2. Allen, D., Ribeiro, L., Arshad, Q., & Seemungal, B. M. (2016). Age-related vestibular loss: current understanding and future research directions. Frontiers in Neurology, 7, 231. doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00231
  3. Behm, D. G., Drinkwater, E. J., Willardson, J. M., & Cowley, P. M. (2010). Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology position stand: The use of instability to train the core in athletic and nonathletic conditioning. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 35(1), 109–112. doi:10.1139/H09-128
  4. Bergeron MF, Mountjoy M, Armstrong N, et al. International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015;49(13):843–851. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094962.
  5. Brenner JS; Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Sports Specialization and Intensive Training in Young Athletes. Pediatrics. 2016;138(3):e20162148. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2148.
  6. British Gymnastics. Commonwealth Games: Gymnastics Activity Resources. Accessed 1 August 2026. british-gymnastics.org.
  7. British Gymnastics. Flexibility Training Safeguarding Policy. Version 1, October 2024. british-gymnastics.org.
  8. British Gymnastics. Parent Hub. Retrieved 1 August 2026, from british-gymnastics.org.
  9. Cholewicki, J., & VanVliet, J. J. IV. (2002). Relative contribution of trunk muscles to the stability of the lumbar spine during isometric exertions. Clinical Biomechanics, 17(2), 99–105. doi:10.1016/S0268-0033(01)00118-8
  10. Coel, R. A., Pujalte, G. G. A., Applewhite, A. I., Zaslow, T., Cooper, G., Ton, A. N., & Benjamin, H. J. (2023). Sleep and the young athlete. Sports Health, 15(4), 537–546. doi:10.1177/19417381221108732
  11. Cresswell, A. G., Grundström, H., & Thorstensson, A. (1992). Observations on intra-abdominal pressure and patterns of abdominal intra-muscular activity in man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 144(4), 409–418. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09314.x
  12. Department of Health and Social Care. Physical activity guidelines: children and young people (5 to 18 years). Updated 16 July 2026. gov.uk.
  13. Deutsche Turnjugend. Kinderturn-Club. Retrieved 1 August 2026, from dtb.de.
  14. Deutscher Turner-Bund. Deutscher Turner-Bund. Retrieved 1 August 2026, from dtb.de.
  15. Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
  16. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. (2012). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for protein. EFSA Journal, 10(2), 2557. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2557
  17. Fédération Française de Gymnastique. Baby Gym, “l’éveil ludique des plus petits”. Retrieved 1 August 2026, from ffgym.fr.
  18. Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique. (2025). Gymnastics for All Manual—2025 Edition. gymnastics.sport.
  19. Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique. Gymnastics for All: Worldwide Experiences. Retrieved 1 August 2026, from gymnastics.sport.
  20. Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique. Trampoline Gymnastics Code of Points 2025–2028. Accessed 1 August 2026. gymnastics.sport.
  21. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2013). Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition: report of an FAO Expert Consultation. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 92. fao.org/4/i3124e/i3124e.pdf
G–M

Alphabetical continuation of the consolidated Issue 3 evidence record

  1. Gao, B., Dwivedi, S., Milewski, M. D., & Cruz, A. I. Jr (2019). Lack of sleep and sports injuries in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 39(5), e324–e333. doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001306
  2. Gautier, G., Thouvarecq, R., & Larue, J. (2008). Influence of experience on postural control: effect of expertise in gymnastics. Journal of Motor Behavior, 40(5), 400–408. doi:10.3200/JMBR.40.5.400-408
  3. Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust. (2025). Obstructive sleep apnoea. gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments. Last reviewed 31 January 2025.
  4. Greater London Authority. (2021). The London Plan 2021: Policy S5, Sports and recreation facilities. london.gov.uk.
  5. Gymnastics Australia. Gymnastics for All. Retrieved 1 August 2026, from gymnastics.org.au.
  6. Gymnastics Australia. KinderGym. Retrieved 1 August 2026, from gymnastics.org.au.
  7. Gymnastics New Zealand. Schools. Retrieved 1 August 2026, from gymnasticsnz.com.
  8. Hecht, C., Bank, N., Cook, B., & Mistovich, R. J. (2023). Nutritional recommendations for the young athlete: current concept review. Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America, 5(1). doi:10.55275/JPOSNA-2023-599
  9. Hodges, P. W., & Richardson, C. A. (1997). Feedforward contraction of transversus abdominis is not influenced by the direction of arm movement. Experimental Brain Research, 114(2), 362–370. doi:10.1007/PL00005644
  10. Howe, T. E., Rochester, L., Neil, F., Skelton, D. A., & Ballinger, C. (2011). Exercise for improving balance in older people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11), CD004963. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004963.pub3
  11. Japan Gymnastics Association. About JGA. Retrieved 1 August 2026, from jpn-gym.or.jp.
  12. Japan Gymnastics Association. Gymnastics for All. Retrieved 1 August 2026, from jpn-gym.or.jp.
  13. Khosla, S., et al.; American Academy of Sleep Medicine Board of Directors. (2018). Consumer sleep technology: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 14(5), 877–880. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7128
  14. Kochanowicz, A., Niespodziński, B., Mieszkowski, J., Marina, M., Kochanowicz, K., & Zasada, M. (2019). Changes in the muscle activity of gymnasts during a handstand on various apparatus. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(6), 1609–1618. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002124
  15. Kolimechkov, S. T., Petrov, L. A., Alexandrova, A. V., & Atanasov, P. S. (2016). Nutrition and physical development assessment of pre-school and primary school children practising artistic gymnastics. African Journal for Physical Activity and Health Sciences, 22(2:2), 565–577.
  16. Kolimechkov, S., Miteva, S., Yanev, I., & Petrov, L. (2019). Body composition and nutrient intake of Olympic and elite rhythmic gymnasts. Abstract 1081, 24th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Prague, 3–6 July 2019.
  17. Kolimechkov, S., Petrov, L., Alexandrova, A., Andreeva, L., & Atanasov, P. (2013). Assessment of the nutrition and physical development of pre-school and primary-school children practising artistic gymnastics. VI Bulgarian Nutrition Conference, Sofia, 17 May 2013.
  18. Kolimechkov, S., Yanev, I., Kiuchukov, I., Petrov, L., Alexandrova, A., Zaykova, D., & Stoimenov, E. (2019). Nutritional status and body composition of young artistic gymnasts from Bulgaria. Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 3(1), 39–52. doi:10.37393/jass.2019.01.4
  19. Kumar, A., Delbaere, K., Zijlstra, G. A. R., Carpenter, H., Iliffe, S., Masud, T., Skelton, D., Morris, R., & Kendrick, D. (2016). Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing, 45(3), 345–352. doi:10.1093/ageing/afw036
  20. Li, Y., Smith, R. M., Whitney, S. L., Seemungal, B. M., & Ellmers, T. J. (2024). Association between dizziness and future falls and fall-related injuries in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing, 53(9), afae177. doi:10.1093/ageing/afae177
  21. Marques Filho, J. M. V., Oliveira, A. A. R., de Bruin, V. M. S., Viana, R. B., & de Bruin, P. F. C. (2025). Influence of sleep on motor skill acquisition in children: a systematic review. Journal of Sleep Research, 34(2), e14309. doi:10.1111/jsr.14309
M–Z

Alphabetical continuation of the consolidated Issue 3 evidence record

  1. McGill, S. M., Grenier, S., Kavcic, N., & Cholewicki, J. (2003). Coordination of muscle activity to assure stability of the lumbar spine. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 13(4), 353–359. doi:10.1016/S1050-6411(03)00043-9
  2. Miteva, S., Yanev, I., Kolimechkov, S., Petrov, L., Mladenov, L., Georgieva, V., & Somlev, P. (2020). Nutrition and body composition of elite rhythmic gymnasts from Bulgaria. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(1), 108–116. doi:10.1177/1747954119892803
  3. Moore, D. R., Volterman, K. A., Obeid, J., Offord, E. A., & Timmons, B. W. (2014). Postexercise protein ingestion increases whole body net protein balance in healthy children. Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(12), 1493–1501. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00224.2014
  4. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2025). Falls: assessment and prevention in older people and in people 50 and over at higher risk (NICE Guideline NG249). nice.org.uk/guidance/ng249.
  5. NHS. (2023). Sleep and young children. nhs.uk/baby/health/sleep-and-young-children. Page last reviewed 31 March 2023.
  6. NHS. (2024). Physical activity guidelines for older adults. nhs.uk.
  7. NSPCC Child Protection in Sport Unit. Advice from young people: how parents can play their part in their child’s sport. Updated 3 October 2025. sport.nspcc.org.uk.
  8. Office for National Statistics. (2023). Age by single year: Census 2021, TS007, version 3. ons.gov.uk.
  9. Office for National Statistics. (2024). More adults are active in areas with a higher number of sports facilities. ons.gov.uk.
  10. Omorczyk, J., Bujas, P., Puszczałowska-Lizis, E., & Biskup, L. (2018). Balance in handstand and postural stability in standing position in athletes practicing gymnastics. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 20(2), 139–147. PMID: 30220715.
  11. Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D’Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., Malow, B. A., Maski, K., Nichols, C., Quan, S. F., Rosen, C. L., Troester, M. M., & Wise, M. S. (2016). Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: a consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(6), 785–786. doi:10.5664/jcsm.5866
  12. Public Health England & Food Standards Agency. (2017). National Diet and Nutrition Survey: results from years 1–4 of the rolling programme. Revised February 2017.
  13. Public Health England. (2016). Government dietary recommendations. assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
  14. Public Health England. (2021). McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods Integrated Dataset 2021. PHE publications gateway number GW-2010. gov.uk/government/publications/composition-of-foods-integrated-dataset-cofid
  15. Reed, C. A., Ford, K. R., Myer, G. D., & Hewett, T. E. (2012). The effects of isolated and integrated “core stability” training on athletic performance measures: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 42(8), 697–706. doi:10.2165/11633450-000000000-00000
  16. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. (2023). Feeding young children aged 1 to 5 years. Updated 23 February 2024. gov.uk/government/publications/sacn-report-feeding-young-children-aged-1-to-5-years
  17. Sherrington, C., Fairhall, N., Wallbank, G., Tiedemann, A., Michaleff, Z. A., Howard, K., Clemson, L., Hopewell, S., & Lamb, S. (2020). Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community: an abridged Cochrane systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(15), 885–891. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101512
  18. Sport England. (n.d.). Facilities Planning Model. Retrieved 1 August 2026, from sportengland.org.
  19. USA Gymnastics. Glossary of Terms. Accessed 1 August 2026. usagym.org.
  20. USA Gymnastics. R102: Preschool Fundamentals Theory. Retrieved 1 August 2026, from usagym.org.
  21. Volterman, K. A., Moore, D. R., Breithaupt, P., Grathwohl, D., Offord, E. A., Karagounis, L. G., & Timmons, B. W. (2017). Timing and pattern of postexercise protein ingestion affects whole-body protein balance in healthy children: a randomized trial. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 42(11), 1142–1148. doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0185
  22. Yeh, T.-T., Cinelli, M. E., Lyons, J. L., & Lee, T. D. (2015). Age-related changes in postural control to the demands of a precision task. Human Movement Science, 44, 134–142. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.021
  23. Zhang, J., Lu, J., Sun, Y., & Li, J. (2024). Recreational gymnastics exercise of moderate intensity enhances executive function in Chinese preschoolers: A randomized controlled trial. PsyCh Journal, 13(6), 954–965. doi:10.1002/pchj.786